The DMSFI Research Journal is a peer-reviewed publication of the Davao Medical School Foundation, Inc. for its students, faculty, alumni, and consortium members. It is dedicated to health research and development. The article and opinions included in this journal do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Davao Medical School Foundation, Inc. and the members of the editorial board of this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or means, electronic or mechanical, without written permission from the publisher. However, you may freely use any article as reference in your publication.